W* Hypothesis
Sypnosis:
In the field of science(s), it becomes possible to describe / define phenomenon, via multitudes of theorems. Thus for example, the nature / characteristics of gravity can be defined via Neutonian Mechanics or using Einsteins General Theory of Relativity. Now observe that Einsteins General Theory of Relativity encompasses a larger spectrum of phenomenon (than that covered / described by Neutonian Mechanics). Thus one could possibly state that, Einsteins General Theory of Relativity is a superset of Neutonian Mechanics.
The W* Hypothesis presented in this article, proposes a few postulates, to describe the nature of certain phenomenon of nature via / utilising hypothetical particles the such of Gravitons in an Enhanced Standard Model.
W* Hypothesis (Take 1 / Revision 1.0)
W* Hypothesis Postulate I:
The traversal (velocity vector) of certain particles through the Quantum Vacuum, causes the generation of certain W* particles. These W* particles, inturn interacts with some of the particles of the Standard Model.
Thus in this hypothesis, the reason for a gyroscope to maintain its rotation axis (spin momentum vector) constant, is the generation of the said W* particles (when the flywheel is made to spin). Thus the velocity vector of the gyroscope's particles through the Quantum Vacuum, generates the hypothesised W* particles, which in turn interacts with the particles of the gyroscope, to keep its rotation axis / vector constant.
(The said interaction could most likely be a repulsion force?)
The same would thus apply / describe as to why when one is moving in a two wheeler vehicle, why one aquires a relative stability, when one's velocity is higher than a particular value (than when one is at rest or low linear velocity). Thus for example when a cyclist aquires a certain velocity, the velocity vector of this entity's particles through the Quantum Vacuum whould generate sufficient numbers / volumes of W* particles, that they whould interact to sufficient levels with the particles of the said entity at motion (the cyclist and the cycle, in this case / example).
Imagine this to akin, the generation of a W* wall / tube, around the said moving object. Thus for example the cyclist is not moving through empty space, but rather inside a "canal" (or more precisely a wake / tube), whose walls are made of W* particles. And the density of the W* particles, is a function of the velocity vector of the entity in motion.
(This hypothesis whould thus be in conformance with Newtons First Law of Motion : A body remains at rest, or in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, except insofar as it is acted upon by a force.)
And the energy requirement for the generation of these W* particles is most likely / most probably related to / is a function of the change of velocity (acceleration) of the entity trying to move through the Quantum Vacuum. Thus if this hypothesis holds, an entity moving at a constant velocity, will not consume any additional energy to generate the new W* particles ahead of it's path of motion.
Thus if above hypothesis(es) holds, as a corollary, a W* particle wave front / wake, should be generated from each object / entity in motion (akin to a water wave front / wake, generated by a moving ship or a pressure wave / wake generated by a moving aircraft).
Moving objects generates / emenates W* particle wave fronts / wakes.
Now if this hypothesis holds, our Galaxy, our Galaxy clusters etc etc, all should / whould be sources of large W* "wakes", as they all have significant volumes of particles of significant velocities.
Thus if these W* particles have some repulsive quality / characteristics, towards some of the particles we find in the Standard Model... then we get the corollary, that the so generated W* particles, whould in some form or the other, contribute to / towards the accelerating expansion of the Observable Universe.
Thus:
Σ F(W*) +... > Σ F(g) +...
But then over billions of years / tens of billions of years / hundreds of billions of years... into the future, slowly but surely, the angular spins and linear velocities of these galaxies, whould gradually start to slow down...
Thus with which, the generated W* particle volumes as well, whould start to come down / decrease. Thus eventually, slowly but gradually the expansion of the universe will start to slow down (somewhere into the future).
Next there whould be a time duration where the outward expansion / repulsion forces in the Universe, will be roughly equal to the inwards attraction forces (ex. Gravitational forces of the Galactic matter, Black Holes etc. etc.) Thus this time period will be characterized by a Universe of a Constant Volume (by and large).
Thus at this stage:
Σ F(W*) +... ~ Σ F(g) +...
Then eventually when the repulsion forces (let's hypothesise as the effects of W* particles + additional ...), is less than the attraction forces (let's hypothesise as the effects of graviton particles + any additional ...), then slowly but gradually the Universe will start to shrink / implode.
Thus at this stage:
Σ F(W*) +... < Σ F(g) +...
Thus the Universe will contract/ implode over billions / tens of billions etc etc etc and then finally / eventually remain imploded (when cannot implode any further...)
until...
...
...
and the cycle begins all over again...
[Side Note: Thus in most likelyhood, both the begining and the end of a Universe Bubble / Globule, may be rapid / violent. For example one could imagine the final moments when the Universe has imploded sufficiently and the black holes starts to collide/merge with each other, producing gravitational fields which whould be "out of the scales"...
Thus this W* hypothesis is a propenent / advocates / supports, the hypothesised / suggested cyclic universe model, where physically distinct Universe Bubbles / Globules exists in / inside the vast space of a META Universe. And each of these distinct Universe Bubbles whould be at different stages of their "inflationary / implotionary" cycles...
The Quantum Vacuum whould encompass the whole of the META Universe, and the laws of nature / physics... whould apply equally / will be valid in each Universe Bubble...
Note that most all current multi universe models are still in the hypothetical stage of development (postulates).
It whould be interesting if someday in the future a powerful enough telescope (which has the capacity to see through our Universe Boundary, aka for example can see the Radio / UV / Infrared, from beyond our Visible Universe...), detects blobs of radiation sources from... If so, what could those blobs from beyond our Visible Universe be?
And then who knows... what if hidden inside the Cosmic Microwave Background, there is... (I didn't say anything...😁)
Possible experimental setup to attempt to measure / validate the existence / the generation of W* particles, in an entity at motion (velocity vector > 0).
W* Experimental Setup 1 :
In the following setup, we would attempt to measure any repulsive forces (of the hypothetical W* particles), towards the matter of the Standard Model.
Thus disk 1 and disk 2, whould be made of a smooth surfaced substance (no or minimum surface imperfection), on the sides facing each other. Then attached to the smooth surfaces, there would be a rigid substrate. The smooth surfaces whould allow the rotating disks to be brought as close as possible to each other. The heavier / rigid substrate whould provide sufficient structural rigidity and mass required for a gyroscopic action. The whole apparatus whould require to be housed inside a vacuum (to remove affects of air turbulance / wakes, injecting errors into the readings)
1. The two disks would be brought close to each other, with spin velocity = 0.
In this configuration the only forces acting on the two disks should be those of gravitational forces and other electrostatic type of forces (aka standard forces).
2. Next the two disks are brought to spin, and then brought close to each other.
Now the intent of this experiment, whould be to measure a significant repulsion (or attraction?) force on the two disks when they are brought close to each other.
The rational here is: if the hypothesised W* particles, excerts sufficient forces to keep a cyclist from falling (aka exerts greater forces than that of gravity) or can keep a gyroscope's spin vector constant, THEN IF SO, these W* particles should also excert sufficient forces that can be measured via standard measuring equipment (or if not, via equipment available in physics labs).
And if above apparatus, yields no positive results...
That whould mean:
1. No W* particles, gets generated. Thus above hypothesis is proven incorrect / is falsified.
2. The generated forces are too weak to be measured (Really...! But then how did the cyclist's momentum vector, be so stable / strong...? 🤔)
3. The generated W* particles only interact with the particles that generated them (something akin to entangled particles only responding to their entangled twins).
4. Something else is going on here... Keep digging further...
[Note : Counter Argument to W* Hypothesis: If these repulsive force generating W* particles do exits, then they should cause two close by, fast moving objects to repel each other... As far as the author of this article is aware of, such repulsive forces have not been observed / measured... If so, what on earth is going on here... What forces causes a gyroscopic spin axis to remain fixed or make an object with momentum to maintain its momentum vector in a fixed direction... 🧐 🤔
Whould it be possible that the W* particles only act in around the close viscinity of the atoms, and do not cause W* Wakes that emanates into the outside of the object... And then / if so... there goes the W* being a cause of the accelerating expansion of the universe...🙃
Thus if so... whould require to dig further... For the truth must be somewhere out there...
Regarding the Casimir effect, it whould be interesting to observe, as to whether the Casimir Forces, decreases when the two plates are made to spin... Also whould it be possible to give a possible explanation to Casimir effect, via gravitons or via g* hypothesis? But then how would g* justify / explain as to why the Casimir Forces to only be observed in conductive plates and not in...]
Ly De Sandaru
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